vocabulay+page

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Cold War- a conflict between U.S. and Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battlefield.

Yalta Conference – FDR, Churchill and Stalin met in the Soviet Union. They agreed to   divide up Germany and Stalin promised free elections in Soviet occupied Eastern European nations. Stalin also agreed to join the war against Japan and participate in the United Nations ** February ** 1945 United Nations - organization intended to promote world peace. Eleanor Roosevelt helps draft U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ** April 1945 ** Potsdam Conference - Harry Truman and Clement Atlee met Joseph Stalin to determine the fate of Eastern Europe. Germany was divided into 4 zones, the U.S. wanted access to markets in Europe and the Soviets wanted control over Eastern Europe. Stalin prevents free elections in Poland and Eastern Europe. ** July 1945 ** "Iron Curtain" – statement made by Winston Churchill describing the division of   Europe between Communism and Democracy. ** Map p. 811 ** Containment– taking measures to stop the spread of communism. US foreign policy during the Cold War. ** February 1946 ** begins policy.

Marshall Plan- Sec. of State George Marshall proposed to give money to European countries who needed to rebuild after WW2. It gave 13 billion in aid to   European countries. ** June 1947 ** Satellite nations- countries dominated by the Soviet Union.

Truman Doctrine- U.S. gave 400 million to Greece and Turkey to prevent the spread of   Communism. ** March 12, 1947 ** Germany and Berlin zones – Map p. 811 American, British, French and Soviets each occupied an area of Germany.

Berlin Blockade – June 1948 - Stalin closed all high way and rail routes into W. Berlin. (5 weeks of food and fuel)

Berlin Airlift- Truman sent food and supplies to West Berlin to prevent the spread of   Communism. 327 days 2.3 million tons of supplies were dropped in   W. Berlin. On ** May 29 th, 1949 ** the Soviet Union lifted its blockade.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization – 12 members pledged military support to   one another in case of attack. United States was a member. ** April 4, 1949 ** Warsaw Pact – a military alliance between seven Eastern European nations. Soviet Union was a member

Point Four Program – provided nearly 400 million for technical development programs in Latin America, Asia and Africa

Soviet Union detonates atom bomb – August 1949 US detonates first Hydrogen bomb – November 1, 1952 Marshall Islands at Eniwetok atoll

Soviet Union detonates Hydrogen bomb - August12,1953

US detonates Hydrogen bomb – Bikini Atoll March 1, 1954

Civil War in China- 1930’s Mao Zedong- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">led communist party in China. Gained the support of peasants. Set up the People’s Republic of China in 1949

Chiang Kai-shek- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">led Chinese Nationalists against Mao’s communists. Eventually Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

Taiwan (Formosa)- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">haven for Chinese Nationalists

38th parallel – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">separated Korea after WW2. North of the parallel was led by Kim Il Sung and controlled by Communists. South of the parallel was led by Syngman Rhee and controlled by democrats.

Korean War<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">- June 25, 1950 – July 1953. North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. Stalemate occurred and Soviet Union recommended a cease fire.

General Douglas MacArthur <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">– led a combined force of American and United Nations troops against North Korea.

Cold War at Home Hollywood Ten – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">Ten "unfriendly" witnesses who refused to testify before the HUAC. They were sent to prison for their refusal.

Alger Hiss- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">a former communist spy Whittaker Chambers accused Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union. Chambers produced photographs of documents believed to be typed on Hiss’s typewriter. Hiss was not charged with espionage but for perjury and went to prison.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">- Karl Fuchs, a German physicist, admitted giving the Soviet Union information about how to develop the atomic bomb. He also implicated the Rosenbergs. The Rosenbergs were executed for espionage in 1953.

HUAC- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">the House Un-American Activities Committee, set up in 1938 investigated Communist influence in the movie industry in 1940’s and 1950’s. .

Blacklist- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">Hollywood executives created a list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background.

Senator Joe McCarthy- Republican Senator from Wisconsin who made unsupported accusations against government officials of being Communist.

McCarthyism- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">attacks on suspected Communists during the 1950’s became known as   McCarthyism. Also referred to as the Second Red Scare and compared to the Salem Witchcraft trials in Colonial Massachusetts.

H-Bomb- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">hydrogen bomb. Exploded first by the U.S. on Nov. 1, 1952. The Soviet Union exploded their thermonuclear device in August of 1953

Brinkmanship- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">the willingness of the U.S. under Eisenhower to go to the edge of all-out War.

Warsaw Pact – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">military alliance which linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European nations

CIA- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">Central Intelligence Agency used spies, carried out covert, or secret operations or   overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

Summit in Geneva <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">– Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland to ask for open skies. The United States and the Soviet Union would allow flights over each others territory to guard against a nuclear attack. It was rejected but was a step toward peace

Suez War <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">– 1955 the leader of Egypt, Nassar, in order to get more aid to build a dam at   Aswan on the Nile River, played the Soviet Union against Great Britain and the U.S.. The U.S. found out and withdrew funding for the dam. As a result, Nassar nationalized the canal outraging Great Britain and France who owned the canal. Israel, France and Great Britain sent troops because Nassar did not allow ships heading for Israel to pass through the canal.

Eisenhower Doctrine – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">In January 1957, Eisenhower said the United States would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country.

Hungarian Uprising <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">– In 1956, Imre Nagy formed a new gov’t and wanted free elections. The Soviet Union responded with force and killed 30,000 Hungarians. The U.N. and the U.S. did nothing to help the Hungarians.

Dwight D. Eisenhower – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">President who worked to contain communism.

John Foster Dulles – Eisenhower’s secretary of state who was staunchly anti- communist.

Nikita Khrushchev- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">took over leadership of Soviet Union after Stalin. Favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers competed economically and scientifically.

Sputnik <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">– October 4, 1957 Soviet Union lauched the world’s first artificial satellite Sputnik. In January of 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite.

Francis Gary Powers (U-2 incident) – <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">The United States began making secret flights over the Soviet Union using a U-2 spy planes since 1955. Francis Gary Powers was shot down on may 1, 1960 over Soviet territory, was captured and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Guatemala- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">In 1954, Guatemala’s gov’t gave away 200,000 acres of U.S. owned land to its peasants. The CIA trained an army to overthrow the leader. The army was successful and a dictatorship was established.

Shah of Iran- <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">pro-American leader of Iran who was returned to power after the CIA gave several million dollars to help his return to power. As a result, control of Iranian oil fields were turned over to Western companies.